Journal Title Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Sains DOI prefix 10.36418 by Crossref Frequency Monthly ISSN Online 2723-6692 Editor in Chief Ikhsan Nendi Publisher Publikasi Indonesia Indexing SINTA, Garuda - Google Scholar - Indonesia OneSearch Citation Analysis Google Scholar Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Sains is a double blind peer-reviewed academic journal and open access to social science fields. The journal is published monthly by CV. Publikasi Indonesia. Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Sains provides a means for ongoing discussion of relevant issues that fall within the focus and scope of the journal that can be examined empirically. This journal publishes research articles covering social sciences, ranging from Management, Economics, Culture, Law, Comunication, Healthy, Geography, Education and Technology, that belong to the social context. Journal has become a member of Crossref (Prefix: 10.36418) with E-ISSN 2723-6692 and P-ISSN 2723-6595 <p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 25px; margin: 20px 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #ffffff; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Sains is indexed and abstracted in the following databases: International Index: - Dimension - Scilit - Harvard Library - BASE - WorldCat National Index: - Garuda - Google Scholar - Indonesia OneSearch
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Drug Provocation Testing as the Cornerstone for Diagnosing Antituberculosis Drug Hypersensitivity
Drug hypersensitivity reactions (DHRs) remain an important challenge in everyday clinical practice, especially in conditions that require prolonged multidrug treatment such as tuberculosis. Hypersensitivity to anti-tuberculosis therapy (ATT) can disrupt ongoing treatment, reduce adherence, and ultimately compromise therapeutic outcomes. For this reason, an accurate and structured diagnostic approach is crucial to identify drug-related hypersensitivity and non-immunologic adverse reactions is therefore crucial to support safe clinical decision making. A 52-year-old male patient with pulmonary tuberculosis developed recurrent hypersensitivity manifestations during the continuation phase of ATT. The patient experienced two episodes of generalized pruritus, soft tissue swelling, and dyspnea, both of which required hospitalization. Similar symptoms recurred after ATT was substituted with levofloxacin. He was subsequently referred for allergy evaluation and underwent drug provocation testing (DPT) performed as a graded drug challenge with performed sequentially with isoniazid, rifampicin, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide under close clinical supervision. No immediate reactions were observed during in-hospital monitoring. No immediate hypersensitivity reactions were observed during in-hospital monitoring; however, delayed cutaneous symptoms developed after discharge following exposure to each tested agent, supporting the diagnosis of delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions. This case underscores the clinical challenges associated with delayed hypersensitivity reactions to multiple first-line anti-tuberculosis drugs. Drug provocation testing, when applied in a controlled and risk-stratified setting, provides valuable diagnostic clarification and assists in selecting alternative therapeutic strategies. A systematic diagnostic strategy is key to guiding individualized and safe treatment decisions in tuberculosis patients with suspected drug hypersensitivity.
Copyright (c) 2026 Gautami Gautami, Made Syanindita Putri Larasati, Moses Kharisma Setyawan, Ketut Suryana https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Perspective Javanese Employee on Pursuing Wealth Finding From an Ethnography Analysis
Problems economy can happen all over society. Both those who have income tall or those who have income low. The Javanese are Indonesia's most populous ethnic group, and the majority have migrated throughout the archipelago. Nevertheless, Javanese culture continues to permeate their daily activities and is transmitted to subsequent generations. A society's culture typically shapes a person's point of view, conduct, morals, and ethics, which may directly or indirectly influence how groups behave in everyday situations. Economic issues can arise in any community, largely because many people lack the ability to manage their finances responsibly. This study explores how Javanese people perceive financial planning and wealth accumulation. An ethnographic qualitative approach was employed, using in-depth interviews to collect data from Javanese employee respondents. The findings reveal that most respondents focus on wealth planning for future life security, with three main themes emerging: wealth accumulation, wealth preservation, and wealth planning. This study contributes to understanding the intersection between cultural values and financial behavior among Indonesia's largest ethnic group.
Copyright (c) 2026 Medysia Novittaqa S, Hana Oktafianna, Seera Safira, Jerry Heikal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Competitive Strategies for Hospitals to Enhance Patient Loyalty at Mahkota Bidadari General Hospital in Langkat Regency, North Sumatra
Competition between hospitals is currently increasing as the public's demand for fast, comfortable, and quality health services grows. In this situation, hospitals need to have a clear competitive strategy to be able to maintain patient trust and preferences. Patient loyalty is not only influenced by the results of treatment, but also by the overall service experience, such as the attitude of health workers, the availability of facilities, the timeliness of services, and the ease of the administrative process. The higher the patient loyalty, the higher the hospital's competitiveness, because patient loyalty creates a sustained competitive advantage through repeat visits, competency resilience, and positive recommendations. The purpose of this study was to analyze the application of cost leadership, differentiation, and focus strategies at RSU Mahkota Bidadari in order to increase patient loyalty. The research method used was descriptive with a qualitative approach, involving 4 resource persons from various hospital divisions such as the president director, service manager, doctor on duty and patients. RSU Mahkota Bidadari's competitiveness strategy in increasing patient loyalty is achieved through the integrated implementation of cost leadership, differentiation, and focus strategies by emphasizing standard-based service efficiency, humanistic and professional medical services, and consistency of service quality, thereby building patient trust, satisfaction, and loyalty in a sustainable manner. This research makes a theoretical contribution by expanding the understanding of the application of hospital competitiveness strategies in increasing patient loyalty, while integrating the concept of strategic management with health services.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sri Ramadani, Rian Andriani, Kahar Mulyani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
A Strategy for Implementing The Quizizz Game-Based Learning Tool to Motivate Fifth-Grade Students at State Elementary School 1 Jelapat
This study aims to describe the implementation strategy of the Quizizz game-based learning media in providing learning motivation for grade V students of State Elementary School1 Jelapat. The research uses a qualitative approach with descriptive methods and case study design. The research subjects consisted of homeroom teachers and class V students. Data were collected through observation, interviews, and documentation, then analyzed using the Miles and Huberman interactive model which included data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawn. The validity of the data was obtained through source triangulation, technical triangulation, and member check. The results of the study show that the Quizizz implementation strategy is carried out in a planned manner through the planning, implementation, and evaluation stages of learning. Teachers place Quizizz as a medium for reinforcement and evaluation after the delivery of the core material, as well as utilize the features of points, ratings, deadlines, and direct feedback to create an interactive and fun learning atmosphere. The use of Quizizz is able to increase students' motivation to learn, both intrinsically and extrinsically, which is shown through increased enthusiasm, involvement, and activeness of students during learning. The obstacles faced are limited devices, unstable internet networks, and differences in students' digital abilities, but can be overcome through teachers' adaptive strategies. The research concludes that the Quizizz game-based learning media can be an effective learning strategy to increase learning motivation in elementary school if implemented appropriately and contextually.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mitra Dewi, Abdul Rahman Azahari, Nyoto Nyoto https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Nollywood as the Centre of African Cinema and the Reach of its Film Diplomacy: A Comparative Reading Against Hollywood, Bollywood, and the Korean Wave
Nollywood, the Nigerian film industry, releases close to 2,500 titles a year and ranks second in the world by output, behind India and ahead of the United States in some years. How far has Nollywood become the center of filmmaking in Africa, and how does the film diplomacy it carries travel to global audiences? The study draws on Joseph Nye on soft power, Daya Kishan Thussu on media contra-flow, and Simon Anholt on nation branding, and it uses Michael Porter's value chain and diamond model as business tools to read Nollywood as a commercial system and a diplomatic instrument at once. The design is mixed methods. A qualitative comparative case study sets Nollywood against Hollywood, Bollywood, and the Korean Wave, and a quantitative layer reads industry indicators and the Brand Finance Global Soft Power Index across the four countries. The finding is twofold. Nollywood already anchors African cinema by volume, distribution reach, and continental cultural pull, so the first answer is clear. Its diplomacy, by contrast, works mostly through market-driven diffusion rather than a coordinated state programme. The quantitative reading sharpens this: Nigeria produces the most films of the four yet sits 77th on the 2025 Soft Power Index, while Korea, producing far fewer titles, sits 12th, which shows that raw output does not convert into measured influence without orchestration. That organic character gives Nollywood standing as a Global South voice, yet it leaves the diplomatic value under-used next to Korea's governed model.
Copyright (c) 2026 Meyta Saraswaty Putri https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The Fiscal Paradox and the Performance of Irrigation Infrastructure: A National Analysis of the Relationship Between Operational and Maintenance Funding and the Sustainability of Local Irrigation Assets
Irrigation operation and maintenance (OP) management is a key factor in the sustainability of water resource infrastructure services and national food security. In Indonesia, the gap between actual maintenance needs and regional budgeting capabilities remains a major issue. This study analyzes the relationship between regional fiscal capacity, the fulfillment of the Actual Operation and Maintenance Needs (AKNOP), and the achievement of the Irrigation System Performance Index (IKSI) in irrigation areas under regional authority during the 2023–2025 period. Using a mixed-methods approach, the study combines quantitative analysis of national data with a literature review, a survey of OPD perceptions, and practitioner assessments. The results show that high fiscal capacity does not always correlate with irrigation system performance; some regions with large budgets still have low IKSI, while regions with limited budgets are able to maintain services by utilizing the remaining life of the infrastructure. This phenomenon reflects a fiscal paradox, where the problem is more about governance weaknesses than budget limitations. Using the Risk Quadrant Matrix, the study identifies four typologies of irrigation management: acute crisis, governance inefficiency, latent risk, and sustainable zones. The weak integration of AKNOP technical data with the regional budgeting system has created information asymmetry between technical and fiscal units. Recommendations include digital integration of e-AKNOP with the Regional Government Information System (SIPD), strengthening mandatory spending based on infrastructure risk, and revitalizing irrigation OP institutions. These reforms are expected to drive the transformation of irrigation management from a construction-oriented paradigm to an asset-management one.
Copyright (c) 2026 Irma Rahmawati https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Comprehensive Case Report: Bipolar Affective Disorder with a Current Manic Episode and Psychotic Symptoms in an Adolescent Male Triggered by Chronic Bullying in a Rural Area of Southwest Sumba
Bipolar affective disorder (BAD) in adolescents is a chronic psychiatric condition with complex clinical manifestations and high risk of psychotic symptoms. Environmental factors, particularly bullying, have been identified as major stressors that can trigger disease onset through the kindling phenomenon. In remote areas such as Southwest Sumba, diagnostic challenges and limited treatment access are major obstacles to patient recovery. To report the clinical journey and successful management of an adolescent male with BAD manic episode with psychotic symptoms triggered by chronic bullying in a rural setting. Case report with data collection through in-depth family interviews, clinical mental status observation, and medical record review over a six-month period. Findings: Patient MPB (17 years) experienced systematic physical and verbal bullying during junior high school leading to school dropout. Psychotic symptoms manifested as visual hallucinations of a "woman in white" giving commands to self-harm. Diagnosis F31.2 (BAD manic episode with psychotic symptoms) was established based on PPDGJ-III. Combination therapy with risperidone (2x2 mg) and divalproex sodium (2x250 mg) showed effective synergy in stabilizing dopaminergic and GABAergic neurotransmission. Within six months, the patient showed stable symptom remission, returned to vocational school (SMK), and achieved GAF score improvement from 70-61 to 90-81. Key recommendations include strengthening anti-bullying policies in schools and expanding access to community-based mental health services in remote (3T) areas.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ni Putu Intan Sri Maharani, I Gusti Ngurah Wisuda Manik https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Analysis of the Implementation of Inactive Records Management Through the Application of Sikardi, a Dynamic Archival Information System, Within the Central Java Provincial Agency for National Unity and Politics in 2025
Inactive records management plays an important role in supporting orderly governmental administration, as these records still possess administrative, legal, and informational value despite their decreasing frequency of use. In an effort to improve the effectiveness of records management, government institutions utilize information technology through the implementation of the Dynamic Archival Information System (SIKARDI). This study aims to analyze the implementation of inactive records management through the application of SIKARDI within the Regional Agency for National Unity and Politics of Central Java Province in 2025. This research employed a qualitative approach with data collection techniques consisting of interviews, observations, and documentation. The informants involved in this study were archivists who directly handled the management of inactive records. The findings indicate that the implementation of SIKARDI has supported inactive records management in a more systematic manner, facilitated the record retrieval process, and improved efficiency in archival management. Nevertheless, the implementation of the system still encounters several challenges, including limited human resources, insufficient technical understanding of the system, and the suboptimal utilization of available features. Therefore, enhancing human resource competencies and strengthening organizational support are necessary to optimize the implementation of SIKARDI in inactive records management.
Copyright (c) 2026 Alicia Salsabila Fitriani, Jazimatul Husna https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Educational Management in Shaping Students' Discipline at SMPIT (Junior High School) Plus Dar El Hijrah Ciseeng
This study aims to determine the role of student management in shaping student character at SMPIT (Junior High School) Plus Dar El Hijrah. This study used a descriptive qualitative approach with observation, interviews, and documentation methods. Then, through data validity testing and conclusion drawing, the data can be presented US research findings. Students at SMPIT (Junior High School) Plus Dar El Hijrah have not yet demonstrated good behavior. This is evident in the many students who violate or refuse to comply with their teachers' instructions. The importance of discipline for students, this study aims to examine student management in shaping student character at SMPIT (Junior High School) Plus El Hijrah. It is hope that the results of this study can contribute to the development of more effective educational strategies in shaping student discipline. The results of this study relate to the formation of student character discipline at SMPIT (Junior High School) Plus Dar El Hijrah, Ciseeng District.
Copyright (c) 2026 Fafat Fatimah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Mapping of Land and Water Structures in The Wogi Irrigation District, Jayawijaya Regency
An irrigation area is a unit of land that receives water from a single irrigation network, consisting of the area to be irrigated and the main structure of the irrigation network. There are various types of irrigation, such as surface irrigation, swamp irrigation, and pump irrigation, which are used to support agriculture. The irrigation areas in Jayawijaya Regency are managed by local farmers, using a rudimentary irrigation system that relies on rivers and rainwater. Considering the potential of existing natural resources, the performance of Jayawijaya Regency's irrigation areas needs to be optimised to increase local rice production to meet the region's food needs and boost farmers' incomes. Geological conditions in an area are the result of changes in rocks due to plate tectonic processes. Plate tectonics is the relative movement between one plate and another. When the plates move, the distance between two locations on different plates gradually changes. Changes in the geological structure are indicated by the distribution of folds and faults around the movement of the plates. This is what happened in Jayawijaya Regency, where its position is on the Indo-Australian Plate, the Eurasian Plate, and the Pacific Plate, causing the distribution of rock types (lithology types or stratigraphic units, whether igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic rocks) and stratigraphic relationships.
Copyright (c) 2026 Harmonis Rante, Bahtiar Bahtiar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
A Communication Strategy for Cost Transparency to Improve Adherence to Scheduled Visits by Mental Health Patients at Lancang Kuning Hospital in Pekanbaru
This study aims to analyze the communication strategy of cost transparency in improving the adherence to the visit schedule of psychiatric patients at Lancang Kuning Hospital Pekanbaru. Through a qualitative approach, this study examines how the preparation of structured communication and the application of elements of cost transparency can affect the understanding and compliance behavior of patients' families. The results of the study showed that communication strategies delivered sequentially, ranging from clinical conditions to explanations of actions and cost details, were able to reduce confusion, build trust, and strengthen the quality of interaction between health workers and families. The implementation of six elements of cost transparency such as clarity, accessibility, openness, cost details, room for clarification, and consistency of information has been effective and increased the perception of professionalism and accountability of hospitals. The family's level of understanding of the service process and cost structure is directly evident in their adherence to the visitation schedule and treatment procedures, as adequate understanding decreases anxiety and increases readiness to receive services. This study emphasizes that the integration of structured communication and cost transparency reinforce each other in forming accountable, effective, and comfort-oriented services for patients' families.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dea Vilia Siswoyo, Kahar Mulyani, Erliany Syaodih https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Maritime Logistics, Geo-Economic Integration, and Economic Rent Capture in The Malacca Strait: Implications for Indonesia’s Maritime Competitiveness
This study examines economic rent capture and maritime competitiveness within Southeast Asian economies along the Malacca Strait, a key global trade and energy corridor. While previous research emphasizes maritime security and geopolitical rivalry, this study focuses on maritime economic integration and value distribution among littoral states. A mixed-method approach combining geopolitical economy analysis with panel data assessment was employed, covering 2010–2024. Key indicators include port throughput, logistics performance, trade integration, and maritime industrialization, compiled from UNCTAD, World Bank, IMF, ASEAN reports, and national statistics. Findings show that maritime competitiveness increasingly relies on logistics integration, institutional efficiency, digital maritime systems, and industrial ecosystem development rather than geographic location alone. Panel regression results indicate that logistics performance and maritime industrialization significantly enhance economic outcomes among Southeast Asian maritime economies. Despite Indonesia’s geographic advantage within the Strait, its economic value capture remains constrained by fragmented logistics, limited integration of maritime services, and uneven industrial coordination. This study contributes to the literature by integrating maritime geopolitics, logistics governance, and geo-economic perspectives in a unified framework. It proposes a strategic policy framework emphasizing maritime industrialization, smart-port integration, logistics sovereignty, and ecosystem-based maritime development to enhance Indonesia’s competitiveness within the evolving Indo-Pacific economy.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ferry Noldy Langelo, Citra Aprilia https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The Effect of Storage Duration on the pH Stability and Reducing Sugar Content of Liquid Cane Sugar with Brix Concentrations of 65, 66, and 67 Under Room Temperature and Refrigerated Conditions
Cane liquid sugar is a form of cane sugar derivative products that are processed through a series of stages, ranging from extraction, refining, to evaporation to obtain a sugar solution with a certain concentration. However, liquid sugar is easily damaged during storage, so it is necessary to carry out a shelf life analysis to ensure product safety and quality. This study aims to determine the effect of the long storage of sugarcane liquid sugar with the concentration of Brix 65, 66, and 67 on the stability of pH and Reducing sugar at room and refrigerator temperature conditions. Samples of cane liquid sugar were stored in 100 ml borosilicate glass bottles for 30 days and then pH and sugar reduction tests were carried out on day 0, day 7, day 14, day 21, and day 30. The results showed that the longer the storage, the more significant changes occurred in the pH and Reducing sugar levels, with the refrigerator storage temperature being more able to maintain stability than the room temperature. Higher Brix concentrations provide better stability to such changes. The longer the storage, the lower the pH and the more the reducing sugar will increase.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mahesa Putra Dwi Pamungkas https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The Influence of Adaptive Leadership, Psychological Safety, and Knowledge Sharing on the Innovative Performance of Health Workers in Hospitals
This study aims to analyze the influence of adaptive leadership, psychological safety, and knowledge sharing on the innovative performance of health workers in hospitals. The approach used is quantitative with a cross-sectional design. Data was collected through a questionnaire distributed to 280 selected respondents using purposive sampling techniques. Data analysis was carried out using the Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) method to examine the relationships between variables in the research model. The results show that adaptive leadership, psychological safety, and knowledge sharing have a positive and significant effect on innovative performance. Among the three variables, knowledge sharing had the strongest influence, followed by psychological security and adaptive leadership. In addition, the high R-squared value indicates that the model has strong predictive ability in explaining innovative performance variations. The IPMA analysis also shows that knowledge sharing is the most important factor to improve efforts to encourage innovative performance of health workers. The conclusion of this study is that the innovative performance improvement of health workers can be achieved through strengthening knowledge sharing practices, supported by a work environment that fosters high psychological safety and adaptive leadership. The implications of this study emphasize the important role of hospital management in creating a culture of knowledge sharing and a psychologically safe work environment to encourage sustainable innovation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Izzra Fahmi Agoes, Mohamad Farhan Indrajianto, Nasyidatul Ulya, Sella Clarista, Innocentius Bernarto https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The Effect of Social Capital on Employee Brand Advocacy at PT Kimia Farma Diagnostika
This study analyzes the influence of Social Capital on Employee Brand Advocacy, with Internal Communication as a mediating variable, at PT Kimia Farma Diagnostika (Sumatra 3 Business Unit). The phenomenon of employee advocacy is crucial in the healthcare industry for building public trust, as evidenced by the Edelman Trust Barometer (2024) which shows 71% of global consumers choose brands with strong social reputations. Using a quantitative approach with PLS-SEM analysis on 56 respondents (census sampling), the study found that Social Capital has a significant positive influence on Internal Communication (path coefficient = 0.938, R² = 0.879), and Internal Communication significantly mediates the formation of Employee Brand Advocacy (path coefficient = 0.922, R² = 0.850). The Specific Indirect Effects test results indicate a mediation value of 0.864, suggesting that the combination of strong social relationships (Networking dimension average = 6.44) and organizational information transparency (Risk Culture indicator = 6.46) is the primary determining factor. The Network and Risk Culture dimensions are the most dominant elements in encouraging employees to become brand advocates. The theoretical implication confirms Putnam's social capital theory and Grunig's internal communication excellence theory in the healthcare context. Practically, PT Kimia Farma Diagnostika management should strengthen internal social ties, maintain transparent communication channels, and leverage the productive age employee profile (27-28 years, 48% S1 education) for digital health education campaigns.
Copyright (c) 2026 Namiratul Halimah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Hotel Social Media Content as a Strategy for Developing Tourism in Bali: A Content Analysis of Hotel Indigo Seminyak Beach Bali’s Instagram Social Media Content
Bali is one of the most popular tourism destinations in the world. Based on data from Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS), the number of international tourist arrivals to Bali in 2024 reached 6.3 million visitors. This study aims to determine the role of student management in shaping student character at SMPIT Plus Dar El Hijrah. This study used a descriptive qualitative approach with observation, interviews, and documentation methods. Then, through data validity testing and conclusion drawing, the data can be presented US research findings. Students at SMPIT Plus Dar El Hijrah have not yet demonstrated good behavior. This is evident in the many students who violate or refuse to comply with their teachers' instructions. || the importance of discipline for students, this study aims to examine student management in shaping student character at SMPIT Plus El Hijrah. It is hope that the results of this study can contribute to the development of more effective educational strategies in shaping student discipline. The results of this study relate to the formation of student character discipline at SMPIT Plus Dar El Hijrah, Ciseeng District.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ageng Ratna Sari, Putu Bella Ayu Virdani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Legal Contradictions Regarding The Requirements for Establishing A Limited Liability Company Under Act No. 40 Of 2007 on Limited Liability Companies and Act No. 11 of 2020 on Job Creation and Their Implications for The Establishment of Microfinance Institutions
This study examines the legal antinomy that arises between Article 7 paragraph (1) of Law Number 40 of 2007 concerning Limited Liability Companies (Undang-Undang Perseroan Terbatas, UUPT), which requires the establishment of a company by a minimum of two people, and Article 153A paragraph (1) of Law Number 11 of 2020 concerning Job Creation (Undang-Undang Cipta Kerja, UUCK), which allows the establishment of an Individual Company by one person for micro and small businesses. Furthermore, this study analyses the implications of the conflict between these norms and the provisions of Article 2 paragraph (1) of the Financial Services Authority Regulation Number 41 of 2024 concerning Microfinance Institutions (Peraturan Otoritas Jasa Keuangan Lembaga Keuangan Mikro, POJK LKM), which regulates the establishment of a legal entity of Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) in the form of limited liability companies (Perseroan Terbatas, PT). This study uses a normative juridical method with a legislative approach and a conceptual approach. The results of the study show that there is a partial antinomy between the norms of the UUPT and the UUCK, where the provisions of the UUCK as lex posterior and lex specialis apply to the establishment of a company by micro and small business actors. With regard to MFIs, the provisions of POJK Number 41 of 2024 do open opportunities for MFIs to form PTs, but the application of Article 153A to MFIs requires the fulfilment of the criteria for micro and small businesses as stipulated in laws and regulations, so that not all MFIs in the form of PTs can be automatically established by one person.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dedy Nur Arifin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Juridical Dilemma of the Principle of Notary Prudence in the Verification of Foreign Documents After the Ratification of the Apostille Convention
The ratification of the Convention Abolishing the Requirement of Legalisation for Foreign Public Documents (Apostille Convention) through Presidential Regulation Number 2 of 2021 has simplified the legalization of foreign public documents in Indonesia. However, the apostille system creates a juridical dilemma for notaries because it only certifies the formal authenticity of documents (signature, official capacity, seal) without guaranteeing the material truth of their contents. This study aims to analyze the juridical dilemma faced by notaries in verifying foreign documents, as well as their legal responsibilities and protections. This research employs a normative legal method using statutory (statute approach) and conceptual (conceptual approach) approaches, analyzing primary legal materials (UUJN, Perpres No. 2/2021, Permenkumham No. 6/2022, Apostille Convention 1961) and secondary legal materials (journals, books, legal commentaries). The findings show that notaries remain obligated to apply the principle of prudence when examining foreign documents, despite the presence of an apostille certificate. The apostille does not eliminate the notary's duty under Article 16 paragraph (1) letter a of UUJN to act thoroughly (cermat) and protect the interests of the parties. The research identifies three specific dilemmas: (1) conflicting verification standards between the apostille system and notary prudence; (2) absence of regulations governing verification limits for foreign documents; and (3) increased legal risk due to digitization and e-apostille implementation. The study concludes that legal protection for notaries remains repressive (post-dispute) rather than preventive, and harmonization of regulations is urgently needed to establish clear verification standards and limits of notary responsibility.
Copyright (c) 2026 Vinza Rizqie Putra Priyono https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0